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-
-
- RELEASE NOTES FOR LINUX v0.12
-
-
- This is file mostly contains info on changed features of Linux, and
- using old versions as a help-reference might be a good idea.
-
-
- COPYRIGHT
-
- The Linux copyright will change: I've had a couple of requests to make
- it compatible with the GNU copyleft, removing the "you may not
- distribute it for money" condition. I agree. I propose that the
- copyright be changed so that it confirms to GNU - pending approval of
- the persons who have helped write code. I assume this is going to be no
- problem for anybody: If you have grievances ("I wrote that code assuming
- the copyright would stay the same") mail me. Otherwise The GNU copyleft
- takes effect as of the first of February. If you do not know the gist
- of the GNU copyright - read it.
-
-
- INSTALLATION
-
- This is a SHORT install-note. The installation is very similar to 0.11,
- so read that (RELNOTES.11) too. There are a couple of programs you will
- need to install linux: something that writes disk images (rawrite.exe or
- NU or...) and something that can create harddisk partitions (fdisk under
- xenix or older versions of dos, edpart.exe or something like that).
-
- NOTE! Repartitioning your harddisk will destroy all data on it (well,
- not exactly, but if you know enough to get back the data you probably
- didn't need this warning). So be careful.
-
- READ THIS THROUGH, THEN READ RELNOTES.11, AND IF YOU ARE SURE YOU KNOW
- WHAT YOU ARE DOING, CONTINUE. OTHERWISE, PANIC. OR WRITE ME FOR
- EXPLANATIONS. OR DO ANYTHING BUT INSTALL LINUX - IT'S VERY SIMPLE, BUT
- IF YOU DON'T KNOW WHAT YOU ARE DOING YOU'LL PROBABLY BE SORRY. I'D
- RATHER ANSWER A FEW UNNECESSARY MAILS THAN GET MAIL SAYING "YOU KILLED
- MY HARDDISK, BASTARD. I'M GOING TO FIND YOU, AND YOU'LL BE SORRY WHEN I
- DO".
-
- 1) back up everything you have on your harddisk - linux-0.12 is still in
- beta and might do weird things. The only thing I guarantee is that
- it has worked fine on /my/ machine - for all I know it might eat your
- harddisk and spit it out in small pieces on any other hardware.
-
- 2) Test out the linux boot-disk with the root file system. If it
- doesn't work, check the hardware requirements, and mail me if you
- still think it should work. I might not be able to help you, but
- your bug-report would still be appreciated.
-
- Test that linux can read your harddisk at least partly: run the fdisk
- program on the root-disk, and see if it barfs. If it tells you about
- any partitions at all, linux can successfully read at least part of
- your harddisk.
-
- 3) Make sure that you have a free /primary/ partition. There can be 4
- primary partitions per drive: newer DOS fdisks seem to be able to
- create only 2 (one primary and one extended). In that case use some
- other partitioning software: edpart.exe etc. Linux fdisk currently
- only tells you the partition info - it doesn't write to the disk.
-
- Remember to check how big your partition was, as that can be used to
- tell which device Linux thinks it is. AFTER PARTITIONING ALWAYS USE
- LINUX'S OWN FDISK TO READ THE PARTITIONS SO THAT YOU WILL KNOW HOW
- LINUX LABELS THE PARTITIONS. Do not assume that Linux numbers always
- agree with numbers reported by other partitioning software. For example,
- what DOS's fdisk refers to as partition number 2 may be viewed by Linux
- as /dev/hd4. It all depends on your particular unique circumstances and
- is of no importance EXCEPT that when you tell Linux to make a file system
- on your disk OR patch the Linux boot image to tell it to use the hard
- drive as root. If you and Linux aren't both "on the same page" conceptually,
- you will unintenionally overwrite the wrong partition, or be unable to
- boot from the hard drive.
-
- 4) Boot up linux again, fdisk to make sure you now have the new
- partition, and use mkfs to make a filesystem on one of the partitions
- fdisk reports. Write "mkfs -c /dev/hdX nnn" where X is the device
- number reported by linux fdisk, and nnn is the size - also reported
- by fdisk. nnn is the size in /blocks/, ie kilobytes. You should be
- able to use the size info to determine which partition is represented
- by which device name.
-
- 5) Copy over the root filesystem to the harddisk, eg like this:
-
- cd /
- mkdir user
- mount /dev/hdX /user
- cd /user
- for i in bin dev etc usr tmp
- do
- cp +recursive /$i /user
- done
-
- You caanot use just "cp +recursive / /user", as that will result in a
- loop.
-
- 6) Sync the filesystem after you have played around enough, and reboot.
-
- umount /dev/hdX
- sync
- sync
- sync
- <wait for it to sync>
- ctrl-alt-del
-
- The folklore says you should do this three times before rebooting:
- once should be enough, but I admit I do it three times anyway :) THIS
- IS IMPORTANT! NEVER EVER FORGET TO SYNC BEFORE KILLING THE MACHINE.
-
- 7) Change the bootdisk to understand which partition it should use as a
- root filesystem. See RELNOTES.11: it's still the word at offset
- 508 into the image. You should be up and running.
-
-
- That's it. Go back and read the RELNOTES.11
-
-
- New features of 0.12, in order of appearance
- (ie in the order you see them)
-
- Linux now prints cute dots when loading
-
- WoW. Run, don't walk, to see this :). Seriously, it should hopefully now
- load even on machines that never got off the ground before, but
- otherwise the loading hasn't changed. Implemented by drew.
-
- Super-VGA detection for extended alphamun modes
-
- I cannot guarantee it, I didn't write it, but it works great on a ET400
- SVGA card. I'm addicted to the new look with 100x40 character editing,
- instead of a cramped 80x25. This only works on VGA-cards that support
- higher text-resolutions, and which are correctly identified. Implemented
- by d88-man.
-
- Job Control.
-
- Ok, everybody used to typing ^Z after they started a long command, and
- forgot to put it in the background - now it works on linux too. Bash
- knows the usualy job-control commands: bg, fg, jobs & kill. I hope
- there will be no nasty surprises. Job control was implemented by
- tytso@athena.mit.edu.
-
- Virtual consoles on EGA/VGA screens.
-
- You can select one of several consoles by pressing the left alt-key and
- a function key at the same time. Linux should report the number of
- virtual consoles available upon bootup. /dev/tty0 is now "the current"
- screen, /dev/tty1 is the main console, and /dev/tty2-8 can exist
- depending on your text-mode or card.
-
- NOTE! Scrolling is noticeably much slower with virtual consoles on a
- EGA/VGA. The reason is that no longer does linux use all the screen
- memory as a long buffer, but crams in several consoles in it. I think
- it's worth it.
-
- The virtual consoles also have some new screen-handling commands: they
- confirm even better to vt200 control codes than 0.11. Special graphic
- characters etc: you can well use them as terminals to VMS (although
- that's a shameful waste of resources).
-
- pty's
-
- Ok. I have to admit that I didn't get the hangup-code working correctly,
- but that should be easy to add. The general things are there.
-
- select
-
- I've never used it, so I cannot say how well it works. My minor testing
- seems to indicate that it works ok. vc's, pty's and select were
- implemented by pmacdona, although I hacked it heavily.
-
- 387-emulation.
-
- It's not complete, but it works well enough to run those gcc2.0 compiled
- programs I tested (few). None of the "heavy" math-functions are
- implemented yet.
-
- Symbolic links.
-
- Try out a few "ln -s xx yy", and ls -l. Note that I think tar should be
- recompiled to know anout them, and probably some other programs too. The
- 0.12 rootimage-disk has most of the recompiled file utilities.
-
- Virtual memory.
-
- In addition to the "mkfs" program, there is now a "mkswap" program on
- the root disk. The syntax is identical: "mkswap -c /dev/hdX nnn", and
- again: this writes over the partition, so be careful. Swapping can then
- be enabled by changing the word at offset 506 in the bootimage to the
- desired device. Use the same program as for setting the root file
- system (but change the 508 offset to 506 of course).
-
- NOTE! This has been tested by Robert Blum, who has a 2M machine, and it
- allows you to run gcc without much memory. HOWEVER, I had to stop using
- it, as my diskspace was eaten up by the beta-gcc-2.0, so I'd like to
- hear that it still works: I've been totally unable to make a
- swap-partition for even rudimentary testing since about christmastime.
- Thus the new changes could possibly just have backfired on the VM, but I
- doubt it.
-
- And that's it, I think.
-
- Happy hacking.
-
- Linus